Male factor infertility accounts for ~20% of IVF/ICSI cycles undertaken. While there are many reasons for male infertility, there is a 50% greater chance of reductions in fertility in overweight males. Male factor infertility is associated with increased levels of inflammation and oxidative stress that can damage sperm, causing DNA fragmentation. Male factors, such as increased oxidative stress, are also implicated in recurrent pregnancy loss. So how can you improve the health of your swimmers?

Exercise has been shown to improve sperm quality and DNA damage by reducing markers of inflammation and oxidative stress. Research also shows that exercise can combat the negative effects of a bad diet for sperm, improving sperm quality by 68%. Importantly, moderate intensity exercise is superior to high-intensity interval training for improving sperm health so you need to get the exercise prescription right. For highly trained athletes, regular, high-intensity exercise with minimal recovery between sessions may actually reduce sperm quality. An Exercise Physiologist can provide you with the optimal exercise program to enhance your fertility.

If you are male and your preferred mode of exercise is cycling there is also evidence to suggest that you may need to back off time spent on the bike and swap this for another aerobic activity. Cycling for more than five hours a week is associated with a 92% chance of low sperm concentration. If you are trying for a baby then you can still cycle but may need to modify the frequency and intensity of your sessions.

If you are a gym junkie then keep training at moderate levels and avoid the use of supplements which may be contaminated with steroid-like substances. It goes without saying, avoid the use of anabolic steroids too. After two years of anabolic steroid use, 80% of bodybuilders (average age 27 years) had testicular atrophy, 24% reduction in sperm volume, 32% reduction in sperm motility, and a 62% reduction in sperm fertility index – not great for baby making.

Even if male factor fertility issues are not the primary reason you are undergoing IVF, ensuring your sperm are in tip-top shape will help you to maximize your chance of success. If you have not exercised regularly before and are planning to undergo IVF, exercise will benefit your sperm health. The bonus is that improved sperm health will improve the health of your offspring too!

I joined the IVF Project as I was lost, I was scared that if I exercised too much I would reduce my chances of success, my routine of exercise was destroyed as a result of being told not to get hot and sweaty in the two week wait and not knowing exactly what this meant. As a result my weight had ballooned over the course of 4 years of trying to conceive.   One nurse would say don't swim, another would say its fine and I would always forget to ask my doctor (really I felt a little silly not knowing what type of exercise was ok).  So when I was talking to a friend she suggested The IVF Project. 
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I had tried a personal trainer, and he was great but really didn't understand the complexities of working out, endometriosis and IVF.  I was starting to read some info about IVF and exercise and had come across an article by Dr Kitic about a week before The IVF Project was recommended.  It was really the first time I felt someone would understand and was trained to support women in my situation.
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After 5 years of trying to conceive, 8 cycles of IVF we are expecting our first baby on 16th August this year.   ​

The IVF Project gave me the confidence to exercise again after my second endometriosis operation (and throughout the lead up and recovery of my third op also).  Through the support of The IVF project I stopped second guessing if what I was doing (or not doing) was counter productive to the IVF process. 
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There is a lot of scientific evidence to support the relationship between increasing weight and reductions in fertility, but as we also know improvements in fertility can been realised just a few months after adopting a more active lifestyle, even without weight loss.

Your weight is made up of body fat and fat free mass, which includes your muscle and bone. It is the proportion of each of these that is important in influencing your health and fertility. Muscle is metabolically active tissue which means that if a higher proportion of your body weight is made up of muscle, your metabolic rate is higher, burning more calories. You also have the benefit of improved glucose regulation, improved mitochondrial biogenesis (making new components of the energy storehouses in our cells), strength for everyday activities, and improved bone and tendon health.

The findings from a recent study published in Clinical Nutrition are a great illustration of why resistance training should be a component of your regular exercise routine rather than focusing on a number on the scales (1). In the study, overweight men and women were allocated to a very low energy diet for three months with some walking exercise, or the same very low energy diet and walking with resistance training 3 x week.

​Weight loss in the group that did not resistance train was 19.4kg while the resistance training group lost 15.8kg. Now, if you were just looking a number of the scales you would assume that the resistance training was not as beneficial. But wait- there is more to the story!

Using techniques that can differentiate between fat mass and lean mass, the researchers showed that the group that did no resistance training lost 4.6kg of lean mass (muscle). That is almost 5kg of metabolically active tissue! This translated to a reduction in resting metabolism, meaning that their metabolic rate was reduced. This is important to note as when a significant amount of weight is lost, metabolic rate is often reduced which reflects a slower metabolism, which can make it difficult to lose more weight.

So what happened in the resistance training group? The group that resistance trained three times a week lost no muscle mass and their metabolic rate stayed the same, unlike the other group who experienced a reduction in resting energy expenditure. The scales alone as you can see did not tell the whole story! Resistance training was superior for weight-loss composition by preserving lean mass, and still enabling the loss of body fat.
 
Ideal body composition is important for fertility, regardless of your body weight. Have you got the optimal resistance training prescription to enhance your fertility?

Reference

1. Jo, E., Worts, P.R., Elam, M.L., Brown, A.F., Khamoui, A.V., Kim, D.H., Yeh, M.C., Ormsbee, M.J., Prado, C.M., Cain, A., Snyder, K., andKim, J.S. (2017). Resistance training during a 12-week protein supplemented VLCD treatment enhances weight-loss outcomes in obese patients. Clin Nutr.

Fitting physical activity into your day takes planning – it is unlikely to just happen unless you are lucky enough to wear your sandshoes and workout clothes all day!

Give some conscious thought into how you may build some more activity into your day and be at the ready. At the end of a long day it is tempting to just head home and sit on the couch so to combat this temptation I take my exercise gear to work and get changed before I leave the office. As soon as I am in the front door I grab the dog and head out before I have had time to think too much about it. A furry fried is definitely a motivator to head out to hit and the pavement.

Having your workout gear right beside the bed for when you wake up can also be a great strategy to build  an exercise routine, so you are dressed and ready to go first thing.

If you spend most of your day sitting look at ways you can break up that sedentary time. Could you have a walking meeting? Head out for a short brisk walk in your lunch break? Head to the water cooler every hour for a short reprieve from sitting? This will keep you hydrated too and provide more walking breaks to go to the bathroom!

If you find that you have been at your desk without moving for two hours take a short break and perform some of the exercises below to revive you. Sitting for prolonged periods increases blood sugar and cholesterol levels, slows your metabolism and increases your chance of chronic disease, having a negative impact on fertility. Take control of your health and fertility and make sure you move every two hours.

Standing with feet shoulder-width apart, press up onto the tippy toes, pause at the top, and then lower back down. Perform 8 to 10 calf raises.

While sitting in your chair, extend your right leg until it is level with your hip, contracting the muscle at the front of your right leg. Hold for 3 seconds and then relax it. Perform 8 to 10 of these on each leg.

Face a wall, standing a little farther than arm’s length away, feet shoulder-width apart. Lean your body forward and put your palms flat against the wall at shoulder height and shoulder-width apart. Slowly breathe in as you bend your elbows and lower your upper body toward the wall in a slow, controlled motion. Keep your feet flat on the floor. Perform this exercise 8 to 12 times.

Sitting in your chair, slowly lift both feet off ~3-5cm off the floor while maintaining an upright posture and your knees bent at 90 degrees. Brace your abdominal muscles and hold your feet up for 5 seconds. Perform five of these and as you get stronger you can extend your holds up to 15 seconds.

Lifestyle change is an effective strategy to improve your chance of conception success. If you are planning to conceive in 2018 the New Year should bring with it a focus on positive choices you can make for your health and fertility rather than a list of unachievable resolutions! Remember that no matter how good your fertility clinic and treating specialist is, YOU are the one that can influence the quality of your eggs and sperm.

Think of some positive changes you could make to your current routine.

Would you like to do more walking or cycling to boost your aerobic fitness and improve your mitochondria for improved egg and sperm quality?

Would you like a home strength program that’s achievable to improve your metabolism and body composition?

Would you like to eat more omega-3 fatty acids to improve your chance of IVF success?

If you would like some guidance we are here to help!

In a very simplistic view, changes in body weight are the result of our energy balance. This can be summarised in the equation: Energy In – Energy Out = Energy Balance. If we eat (and drink) more energy than we expend through exercise, activities of daily living and our basal metabolic rate (the energy we need to keep our basic bodily functions going) we end up in a positive energy balance and our body weight increases.

While the simple energy balance equation is a good starting point, not all energy (kilojoules or calories) is created equal. Eating 1000kJ of energy can influence our body composition differently depending on the composition of macronutrients of the 1000kJ. Macronutrients are carbohydrate, protein and fat and how much of each of these we include in our diet can influence our body composition. Eating 1000kJ of carbohydrate will have different effects on our physiology compared to eating 1000kJ of protein. There will also be different influences on body composition depending on the type of macronutrient as carbohydrates are not all created equal, just as the type of fat and protein included in our diet can have an effect.  

Combining fat with fibre (carbohydrate) prolongs the time it takes for food to travel through our digestive tract [1] and leads to a greater sense of fullness after eating, compared to eating fat alone. Adding fat or protein to a carbohydrate-rich meal lowers the blood glucose response compared to eating carbohydrate alone [2]. Getting the right balance of protein can also help maintain metabolically activity tissue (muscle) while losing body fat.

Are you getting the right mix of macronutrients and optimising your micronutrient intake to improve your fertility? Join us for the answer!

Being overweight (or more correctly over fat) impacts upon health and importantly fertility. Data shows that overweight women with infertility take longer to conceive, have lower spontaneous conception rates, and have higher rates of infertility treatment cycle cancellation and failure [1]. Males who are overweight or obese have a 50% greater chance of reductions in fertility [2].

If you are male and slightly overweight (average body mass index >25), aerobic exercise (jogging) improves markers of inflammation and oxidative stress that are known to negatively affect sperm [3, 4]. Importantly, for males moderate intensity exercise is superior to high intensity interval training for improving sperm health so you need to get the exercise prescription right.

In females with infertility, losing 10% of their maximum weight (eg. losing 7kg if you are 70 kg) through exercise and diet improves rates of conception, live birth rates and spontaneous conception (shown in the table below) [5].

There are so many benefits of eating well and exercising right for fertility besides weight loss though, and there is evidence that engaging in regular physical activity improves the outcome of assisted reproductive treatments, even without substantial weight loss. Being active regularly and eating well improves the outcome of assisted reproductive treatments even in you do not need to loose weight. Get moving and eat to optimise your fertility! Join us for expert advice at The IVF Project.

In response to stress, which may take the form of injury, illness, eating an unhealthy diet, sleep deprivation, other physiological stress or emotional stress, the body’s immune system responds by releasing various chemical regulators in an attempt to restore the normal environment, or ‘homeostasis’. These chemical regulators may be released from the white blood cells of the body which communicate with other cells and tissues. Some of these chemical messengers are small proteins called cytokines which indicate inflammation or activation of the immune system.

While acute inflammation is a normal, healthy response to short term stress or injury, chronic low grade inflammation is implicated in a number of disease such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes and particularly infertility [1]. Elevated levels of inflammation negatively affect sperm and oocyte quality, reducing fertilisation and conception rate.

Reducing inflammation is an effective strategy to enhance fertility, and exercise and diet are proven to reduce inflammation. Having a sedentary lifestyle which includes sitting for long periods of time is associated with higher levels of inflammatory proteins while engaging in regular exercise reduces inflammation. Just as physical activity can modulate inflammation, what you eat can also have an impact. High fat diets increase inflammation while diets high in fruits, vegetables, whole grains and legumes reduce inflammation.

Exercise can protect against diet induced abnormalities in sperm [2] but a combination of eating a variety of fresh, unprocessed foods and engaging in regular exercise is the ideal way to optimise your fertility. If you do have an occasional meal that would be considered high fat,  exercise (the right prescription of aerobic and resistance exercise) beforehand can reduce levels of fats in the blood stream and associated inflammation [3, 4]. In young health males eating fast food exclusively for two weeks, exercise protected against the negative diet induced reductions in good cholesterol (HDL) and insulin resistance [5]. If you plan on eating a high fat meal, head out for a 60 min walk before you indulge to limit the damage!

Are you getting the right exercise prescription to optimise your fertility? Do you want to get individualised advice on how to improve your diet for conception?

 References
1. Maxia N, Uccella S, Ersettigh G, Fantuzzi M, Manganini M, Scozzesi A, et al. Can unexplained infertility be evaluated by a new immunological four biomarkers panel? A pilot study. Minerva Ginecol. 2017.
2. Alhashem F, Alkhateeb M, Sakr H, Alshahrani M, Alsunaidi M, Elrefaey H, et al. Exercise protects against obesity induced semen abnormalities via downregulating stem cell factor, upregulating Ghrelin and normalizing oxidative stress. EXCLI J. 2014;13: 551-572.
3. Fuller KNZ, Summers CM and Valentine RJ. Effect of a single bout of aerobic exercise on high-fat meal-induced inflammation. Metabolism. 2017;71: 144-152.
4. Wilburn JR, Bourquin J, Wysong A and Melby CL. Resistance Exercise Attenuates High-Fructose, High-Fat-Induced Postprandial Lipemia. Nutr Metab Insights. 2015;8: 29-35.
5. Duval C, Rouillier MA, Rabasa-Lhoret R, Karelis AD. High Intensity Exercise: Can It Protect You from A Fast Food Diet? Nutrients. 2017; 9.

Dealing with a diagnosis of unexplained infertility can be tough but what is ‘unexplained’ infertility and what does it mean for your chance of conception?

Unexplained infertility is defined as the lack of an obvious cause of infertility and failure to achieve a pregnancy after 12 months of unprotected sex, or 6 months in women over the age of 35. In part the diagnosis of unexplained infertility is attributable to the extent and quality of clinical diagnostic tests. The European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology guidelines state that necessary tests should include semen analysis, assessment of ovulation and the luteal phase, and assessment of fallopian tube anatomy (checking your tubes are not closed) by hysterosalpingogram (a procedure using contrast dye and x-ray to view the anatomy of your tubes) or laparoscopy.

Spontaneous conception rates in unexplained infertility are actually likely to be higher than couples with a defined cause of infertility. In a review of studies on unexplained infertility it is reassuring that 50% of couples diagnosed with unexplained infertility would conceive spontaneously in the subsequent 12 months, and 12% in the next year [1, 2].

In studies that have investigated couples with a diagnosis of ‘unexplained infertility’, some of the primary causes have been attributed to poor egg and sperm quality.

Sperm DNA fragmentation. This is a major factor in unexplained infertility [3]. There are now recommendations to incorporate testing for sperm DNA fragmentation into routine clinical practice. Sperm is quite susceptible to inflammation and oxidative stress which can damage sperm, causing DNA fragmentation [4]. Inflammation and oxidative stress can be related to diet and not getting the right balance of physical activity and rest.  Male factors, such as increased oxidative stress, are also implicated in recurrent pregnancy loss [5]. Assisted reproductive treatments cannot improve DNA fragmentation but there is clear evidence for the effectiveness of reducing DNA damage with the right nutrition and exercise prescription.
 
Elevated Oxidative stress and Inflammation. One study has reported that in females with unexplained infertility, over 70% had high levels of inflammation and oxidative stress [6]. These elevations in inflammation and oxidative stress impact upon oocyte (egg) quality and the endometrium. Altered expression of key proteins in the endometrium are found in infertile women compared to women that have had successful pregnancies suggesting that receptivity of the uterus plays a role in unexplained infertility [7]. Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) also have altered expression of receptor proteins in the uterus but lifestyle modifications (through diet and exercise) have been effective at improving receptor levels  [8].

While IVF and other assisted reproductive treatments will not improve the quality of your eggs and sperm, YOU CAN! You want to give your embryologist the best ingredients possible to work with. Evidence supports that the right exercise prescription and nutrition guidance can improve your chance of success. Want to know where to start? Join us for expert advice and guidance.

Stress is associated with adverse IVF outcomes [1] so making a plan to manage your stress is important for both you and pregnancy success.  Ensuring you are informed before and during your fertility treatment goes a long way to reducing the stress and anxiety associated with infertility. Treatment awareness, improving lifestyle and understanding how much positive lifestyle change improves treatment outcome can improve your chance of success.

Women with unexplained infertility receiving education and improving lifestyle more than doubled the success of their assisted reproductive treatment (46% pregnancy rate) when compared to a control group who did not receive education and lifestyle change (19% pregnancy rate) [2].

Stay informed and adopt evidence based lifestyle changes that will improve your treatment outcome. What you eat and how much exercise you take part in are two key ingredients that can enhance your fertility. Want to know what you should be doing? Join us at The IVF Project!

References
1. Gourounti K, Anagnostopoulos F and Vaslamatzis G. The relation of psychological stress to pregnancy outcome among women undergoing in-vitro fertilization and intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Women Health. 2011;51: 321-339.
2. Kaya Y, Kizilkaya Beji N, Aydin Y and Hassa H. The effect of health-promoting lifestyle education on the treatment of unexplained female infertility. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2016;207: 109-114.